{"id":28313,"date":"2025-08-27T15:59:56","date_gmt":"2025-08-27T19:59:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/?page_id=28313"},"modified":"2025-08-27T16:04:02","modified_gmt":"2025-08-27T20:04:02","slug":"varun-makhija","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/varun-makhija\/","title":{"rendered":"Varun Makhija"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:28% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"494\" height=\"515\" src=\"http:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2019\/09\/Varun-in-office-071619b-e1568822137576.png\" alt=\"Faculty Varun Makhija headshot\" class=\"wp-image-27843 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\"><html><div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light umw-cta-breaker\" style=\"min-height:253px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1105\" height=\"570\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-28334 size-full\" alt=\"Attosecond evolution of Helium excitation.\" src=\"http:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/attoseconde_en.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/attoseconde_en.jpg 1105w, \/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/attoseconde_en-300x155.jpg 300w, \/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/attoseconde_en-1024x528.jpg 1024w, \/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/attoseconde_en-768x396.jpg 768w, \/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/attoseconde_en-224x116.jpg 224w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1105px) 100vw, 1105px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#f6f1f1\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\"><strong>Varun Makhija<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/html><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-research\">Research:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Varun\u2019s research in Ultrafast Molecular Physics focuses on the behavior individual molecules, which are clumps of atoms, when they interact with light. For example, a water molecule, or H<sub>2<\/sub>O, is a clump of two Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atom. When light lands on such a clump, the electrons in it can literally `soak up\u2019 the light and gain energy. But what happens next? By `next\u2019, we mean what happens within the next few&nbsp;<em>billionths of a billionths<\/em>&nbsp;of a second? In the next few&nbsp;<em>attoseconds<\/em>? We know that the energy in the electrons must be transferred to the rest of the molecule since we know that molecules that absorbs light, like those in our eye, can change shape. But the details of this energy transfer remain a mystery. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Varun\u2019s students use quantum mechanics, the part of physics that describes the behavior of really small things, to try and answer this question. They also have the option of working with lasers that produce bursts of light that last for a very short time and can be used as a `camera\u2019 to track the motion of molecules. If you want to learn more about Ultrafast Science, you can read about the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/physics\/2023\/summary\/\">2023 Nobel Prize in physics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-publications\">Publications:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>UMW student authors in bold\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Morrigan, L.<\/strong>, Neville, S.P.,&nbsp;<strong>Gregory, M.<\/strong>, Boguslavskiy, A.E., Forbes, R., Wilkinson, I., Lausten, R., Stolow, A., Schuurman, M.S., Hockett, P. and Makhija, V., 2023. Ultrafast molecular frame quantum tomography.&nbsp;<em>Physical review letters<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>131<\/em>(19), p.193001.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Link:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/prl\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.131.193001\">https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/prl\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.131.193001<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>arxiv preprint:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.03558\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.03558<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gregory, M<\/strong>., Neville, S., Schuurman, M. and Makhija, V., 2022. A laboratory frame density matrix for ultrafast quantum molecular dynamics.&nbsp;<em>The Journal of Chemical Physics<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>157<\/em>(16).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Link:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/jcp\/article-abstract\/157\/16\/164301\/2842070\/A-laboratory-frame-density-matrix-for-ultrafast?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/jcp\/article-abstract\/157\/16\/164301\/2842070\/A-laboratory-frame-density-matrix-for-ultrafast?redirectedFrom=fulltext<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>arxiv preprint:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2209.11790\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2209.11790<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Howard, A.J., Cheng, C., Forbes, R., McCracken, G.A.,&nbsp;<strong>Mills, W.H.<\/strong>, Makhija, V., Spanner, M., Weinacht, T. and Bucksbaum, P.H., 2021. Strong-field ionization of water: Nuclear dynamics revealed by varying the pulse duration.&nbsp;<em>Physical Review A<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>103<\/em>(4), p.043120.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Link:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/pra\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevA.103.043120\">https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/pra\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevA.103.043120<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>arxiv preprint:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2101.12301\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2101.12301<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=XK6mQGQAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">See all of publications<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-student-opportunities\">Student Opportunities:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Much of the experimental work occurs in collaboration with other groups at a number of institutions including Purdue University, Stanford University, Kansas State University and Stony Brook University among others. Students can travel to laser labs at these institutions to perform experiments. In addition, Varun\u2019s lab at UMW houses a femtosecond oscillator (laser) that students can get hands-on experience with by signing up during the semester for a <a href=\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/students\/ures-197-projects\/\">URES 197<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.umw.edu\/undergraduate\/course-descriptions\/phys\/\">Physics 491\/492<\/a> independent research opportunities. During the summer, UMW\u2019s Irene Piscopo Rodgers \u201959 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.umw.edu\/news\/2025\/07\/21\/good-vibrations-umw-summer-science-institute-highlights-intense-undergrad-research\/\">Summer Science Institute<\/a> (SSI) is another great way to become involved with research. Varun\u2019s students have published peer-reviewed papers and traveled to present their research at professional conferences including the annual meeting of the Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics (DAMOP) of the American Physical Society.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"image-gallery layout__block\">\n\t<div class=\"image-gallery__inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__slideshow\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__slideshow__wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__slideshow__main\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__slideshow__main__track\" js-slideshow-track=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__slideshow__slide\" js-slide=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<html><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/Screenshot-2025-08-27-at-3.55.22%E2%80%AFPM.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-id=\"28333\" src=\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/Screenshot-2025-08-27-at-3.55.22%E2%80%AFPM-1070x772.png\" alt=\"UMW student presenting their research.\" class=\"wp-image-28333\"><\/a><\/figure><\/html>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__slideshow__slide\" js-slide=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<html><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/IMG_20220913_121459734_HDR-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1131\" height=\"772\" data-id=\"28332\" src=\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/IMG_20220913_121459734_HDR-1131x772.jpg\" alt=\"UMW student working on Dr. Makhija's femptosecond laser.\" class=\"wp-image-28332\"><\/a><\/figure><\/html>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__slideshow__slide\" js-slide=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<html><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><a 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src=\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/IMG_20220913_121459734_HDR-224x116.jpg\" alt=\"UMW student working on Dr. Makhija's femptosecond laser.\" class=\"wp-image-28332\"><\/figure><\/html>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"image-gallery__slideshow__thumbnail\" aria-label=\"Slide 2 thumbnail\" js-thumbnail>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__slideshow__thumbnail__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<html><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"224\" height=\"116\" data-id=\"28331\" src=\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/IMG_20240516_171217536_HDR-224x116.jpg\" alt=\"UMW student presenting their research.\" class=\"wp-image-28331\"><\/figure><\/html>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"image-gallery__slideshow__thumbnail\" aria-label=\"Slide 3 thumbnail\" js-thumbnail>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__slideshow__thumbnail__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<html><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"224\" height=\"116\" data-id=\"28330\" src=\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2025\/08\/IMG_4031-224x116.jpg\" alt=\"Professor Makhija and students play a card game.\" class=\"wp-image-28330\"><\/figure><\/html>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__pager\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__pager__section\" js-page><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__pager__section\" js-page><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__pager__section\" js-page><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__pager__section\" js-page><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"image-gallery__description-container\" js-description-container>\n\t\t\t\t\t                                        <div class=\"image-gallery__description\" js-description aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n                    \t\t\t\t\t                                        <div class=\"image-gallery__description\" js-description aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n                    \t\t\t\t\t                                        <div class=\"image-gallery__description\" js-description aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n                    \t\t\t\t\t                                        <div class=\"image-gallery__description\" js-description aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n                    \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research: Varun\u2019s research in Ultrafast Molecular Physics focuses on the behavior individual molecules, which are clumps of atoms, when they interact with light. For example, a water molecule, or H2O, is a clump of two Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atom. When light lands on such a clump, the electrons in it can literally `soak [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29215,"featured_media":0,"parent":27885,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"umw_cb_additional_links":[[]],"_advisory_expires_time":"","_advisory_meta_include":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-28313","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","5":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Varun Makhija - Physics and Applied Physics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/varun-makhija\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Varun Makhija\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Research: Varun\u2019s research in Ultrafast Molecular Physics focuses on the behavior individual molecules, which are clumps of atoms, when they interact with light. For example, a water molecule, or H2O, is a clump of two Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atom. When light lands on such a clump, the electrons in it can literally `soak [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/varun-makhija\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Physics and Applied Physics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-08-27T20:04:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2019\/09\/Varun-in-office-071619b-e1568822137576.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"494\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"515\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/varun-makhija\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/varun-makhija\/\",\"name\":\"Varun Makhija - Physics and Applied Physics\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/varun-makhija\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/varun-makhija\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2019\/09\/Varun-in-office-071619b-e1568822137576.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-08-27T19:59:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-08-27T20:04:02+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/varun-makhija\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/varun-makhija\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/varun-makhija\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2019\/09\/Varun-in-office-071619b-e1568822137576.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/files\/2019\/09\/Varun-in-office-071619b-e1568822137576.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/varun-makhija\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Department of Physics\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Physics Home Page\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Faculty &#038; Staff\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Varun Makhija\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/\",\"name\":\"Physics and Applied Physics\",\"description\":\"Physics and Applied Physics at UMW\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Varun Makhija - Physics and Applied Physics","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/cas.umw.edu\/physics\/department-of-physics\/faculty-and-staff\/varun-makhija\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Varun Makhija","og_description":"Research: Varun\u2019s research in Ultrafast Molecular Physics focuses on the behavior individual molecules, which are clumps of atoms, when they interact with light. For example, a water molecule, or H2O, is a clump of two Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atom. 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